On This Day:
Monday October 7, 2013 This is the 280th day of the year, with 85 days remaining in 2013. Fact of the Day: marbles A marble is a small, hard ball that is used in a variety of children's games and is named after the 18th-century practice of making the toy from marble chips. Marble games date from antiquity, and ancient games were played with sea-rounded pebbles, nuts, or fruit pits. The young Octavian (later, Roman emperor Augustus) played games with nut marbles, and engraved marbles have been dug up from the earthen mounds built by some early Native American tribes.
Holidays Feast day of St. Justina of Padua, St. Mark, pope, St. Artaldus or Arthaud, and St. Osyth.
Events 1571 - The Battle of Lepanto was fought between Christian allied naval forces and the Ottoman Turks attempting to capture Cyprus from the Venetians. It was the last great clash of galley ships.
1765 - Twenty-eight delegates from nine American colonies met at the Stamp Act Congress in New York City to protest Parliaments' British Stamp Act, which imposed a direct tax on the colonies to raise revenue for a standing army in America.
1777 - The second Battle of Saratoga began during the American Revolution.
1806 - The first carbon paper was patented by its English inventor, Ralph Wedgwood.
1826 - The first gravity-powered railroad went into operation, the Granite Railway from Quincy to Milton, Massachusetts.
1868 - Cornell University opened in Ithaca, New York.
1896 - Dow Jones began reporting an average of the prices of 12 industrial stocks in the Wall Street Journal.
1913 - The Ford Motor Company started operation of the first assembly line. It could turn out a car in three hours.
1919 - The Dutch airline KLM, the oldest existing airline, was established.
1928 - Herbert Hoover was elected 31st President of the United States of America (1929-1933).
1949 - The Democratic Republic of Germany, or East Germany, was formed. Approximately half the size of West Germany, East Germany consists of the German states of Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Lusatia, Saxony, and Thuringia.
1949 - Iva Toguri D'Aquino, known as Tokyo Rose, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for treason.
1950 - U.S.-led United Nations forces crossed the 38th parallel into North Korea, in response to North Korea's invasion of South Korea.
1954 - Marian Anderson became the first African-American opera singer in New York's Metropolitan Opera.
1960 - Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy and Republican opponent Richard M. Nixon debated for a second time on television.
1963 - President John F. Kennedy signed the documents of ratification for a nuclear test ban treaty with Britain and the Soviet Union.
1968 - The Motion Picture Association of America adopted its film-rating system.
1981 - Egypt's parliament named vice president Hosni Mubarak to succeed the assassinated Anwar Sadat.
1982 - Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's musical "Cats," opened on Broadway. It closed after a record 7,485 performances.
1985 - Palestinian gunmen hijacked the Italian cruise ship "Achille Lauro" in the Mediterranean Sea with more than 400 people aboard. After demanding the release of 50 Palestinian prisoners held in Israel, the terrorists kill Leon Klinghoffer, an elderly disabled American tourist, throwing him and his wheelchair overboard.
1989 - Hungary's Communist Party renounced Marxism in favor of democratic socialism during a party congress.
1999 - American Home Products Corp. resolved one of the biggest product liability cases in history by agreeing to pay up to $4.83 billion to settle claims that the fen-phen diet drug caused heart problems.
2001 - The United States and Britain launched air strikes against Taliban positions and Osama bin Laden's training camps in Afghanistan.
2003 - Arnold Schwarzenegger, an Austrian immigrant known as a film actor and former Mr. Universe, was elected governor of California. The election was a recall of Gov. Gray Davis just 11 months into his second term due to the state's perilous financial condition.
Births 1853 - James Whitcomb Riley, American poet.
1885 - Niels Bohr, Danish physicist.
1897 - Elijah Muhammad, the American leader of the Black Muslim movement from the 1930s-1970s.
1931 - Desmond Tutu, Soth African Nobel Peace Prize-winner and archbishop in South Africa.
1955 - Yo Yo Ma, born in Paris to Chinese parents, internationally-famed cellist.
Deaths 1849 - Edgar Allan Poe, American short-story writer and poet.
1894 - Oliver Wendell Holmes, American physician, humorist writer, and poet.
1991 - Leo Durocher, baseball coach/manager for the Dodgers and Giants, died at 86. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1994.
1994 - Niels Kaj Jerne, British-born, Danish microbiologist and immunologist, who was awared the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1984.
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